KM TORSO TEAM REFERENCE LIBRARY
Evidence‑Based Resources for Coaches, Parents, and Practitioners
The KM TORSO TEAM Reference Library provides a transparent overview of the research that informs our training philosophy. All references are listed alphabetically by author surname.
When multiple works share the same author and year, a small letter (a, b, c) is added after the date.
This library will continue to grow as new studies are integrated into the KM TORSO TEAM platform.
References
A
Aagaard, P.; et al. (2002) Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training. Journal of Applied Physiology; 93(4), 1318-1326. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00283.2002
Alcock, R.; et al. (2025) Youth and adolescent athlete musculoskeletal health: dietary and nutritional strategies to optimise injury prevention and support recovery. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology; 9(4), 221. DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9040221
Alesi, M.; et al. (2014) Motor and cognitive development: the role of karate. Muscles Ligaments Tendons Journal; 4(2), 114-120. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25332920/
Alevras, A.J.; et al. (2022) Boxing-related fatalities in Australia: a retrospective analysis of news media reports. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport; 25(1), 25-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.002
Alghannam, A.F.; et al. (2018) Restoration of muscle glycogen and functional capacity: role of post-exercise carbohydrate and protein co-ingestion. Nutrients; 10(2), 253. DOI: 10.3390/nu10020253
Alghannam, A.F.; et al. (2016) Influence of post-exercise carbohydrate-protein ingestion on muscle glycogen metabolism in recovery and subsequent running exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise; 26, 572-580. doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0021
Allen, E.C.; et al. (2022) Extracurricular activity participation in kindergarten: who participates, and why does it matter? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology; 83, 101455. doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101455
Alp, M.; and Gorur, B. (2020) Comparison of explosive strength and anaerobic power performance of taekwondo and karate athletes. Journal of Education and Learning; 1. DOI:10.5539/jel.v9n1p149
Amawi, A.; et al. (2024a) Junior athletes’ nutritional demands: a narrative review of consumption and prevalence of eating disorders. Frontiers in Nutrition; 11, 1390204. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1390204
Amawi, A.; et al. (2024b) Athletes’ nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in Nutrition; 18(10), 1331854. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854
American Heart Association (2025) Food as fuel before, during and after workouts. https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/food-as-fuel-before-during-and-after-workouts
Amerikanou, C.; et al. (2023) Food, dietary patterns, or is eating behavior to blame? Analyzing the nutritional aspects of functional dyspepsia. Nutrients; 15(6), 1544. DOI: 10.3390/nu15061544
Anastasiou, K.; et al. (2024) The genetic profile of combat sport athletes: a systematic review of physiological, psychological and injury risk determinants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; 21(8), 1019.
Andreato, L.V.; et al. (2017) Physical and physiological profiles of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes: a systematic review. Sports Medicine; 3(9). doi.org/10.1186/s40798-016-0069-5
Aoyama, S.; et al. (2021) Distribution of dietary protein intake in daily meals influences skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the muscle clock. Cell Reports; 36(1), 109336. doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109336
Aragon, A.A.; et al. (2017) International society of sports nutrition position stand: diets and body composition. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; 14(1), DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0174-y
Archacki, D.; et al. (2024) Sex differences in the energy system contribution during sprint exercise in speed-power and endurance athletes. Journal of Clinical Medicine; 13(16), 4812. doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164812
Arent, S.M.; et al. (2020) Nutrient timing: a garage door of opportunity? Nutrients; 12(7), 1948. DOI: 10.3390/nu12071948
Artioli, G.G.; et al. (2016) It is time to ban rapid weight loss from combat sports. Sports Medicine; 46(11), 1579-1584. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0541-x
Artioli, G.G.; et al. (2012) Determining the contribution of the energy systems during exercise. Journal of Visualized Experiments; 61, e3413. DOI:10.3791/3413
Artioli, G.G.; et al. (2010) Role of beta – alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise; 42(6), 1162-73. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c74e38
Asai, T.; et al. (2020) Characteristics of the BDNF Val66 met polymorphism in competitive swimmers and judo athletes. Acta Medica Nagasakiensia; 64(1), 23-26. doi.org/10.11343/amn.64.23
Australian Institute of Sports (2021) Branched-chain amino acids (Bcaa) Summary Report: Consideration for classification of a supplement ingredient. Australian Institute of Sport: Bruce, Australia
Ayotte, D.; and Corcoran, M.P. (2018) Individualized hydration plans improve performance outcomes for collegiate athletes engaging in in-season training. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; 15(1), 27. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0230-2
Aziz, M.A.; and Kunabal, P. (2024) Epidemiology of injuries among Malaysian adolescent karate athletes: a cross-sectional study. Malaysian Family Physician; 19, 60. DOI: 10.51866/oa.632
B
Back, J.; et al. (2022) Drop-out from team sport among adolescence: a systematic review and metanalysis of prospective studies. Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 61, 102205. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102205
Bahr, R.; et al. (2020) International Olympic Committee consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports 2020 (including the STROBE extension for sports injury and illness surveillance (STROBE-SIIS). Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine; 8(2), 2325967120900908. DOI: 10.1177/2325967120902908
Baker, J.S.; McCormick, M.C.; and Robergs, R.A. (2010) Interaction among skeletal muscle metabolic energy systems during intense exercise. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. doi: 10.1155/2010/905612
Bankir, L; et al. (2017) Relationship between sodium intake and water intake: the false and the true. Annals of nutrition & Metabolism; 70(1), 51-61. DOI: 10.1159/000463831
Barley, O.R.; and Harms, C.A. (2021) Profiling combat sports athletes: competitive history and outcomes according to sports type and current level of competition. Sports Medicine; 7(63). doi.org/10.1186/s40798-021-00345-3
Basarir, B.; et al. (2025) Effects of coordination-based training on preschool children’s physical fitness, motor competence and inhibition control. BMC Pediatrics; 25(1), 539. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-025-05897-x
Basolo, A.; et al. (2020) Procedures for measuring excreted and ingested calories to access nutrient absorption using bomb calorimetry. Obesity; 28(12), 2315-2322. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22965
Bean, A. (2015) Sport supplements: which nutritional supplements really work. 2nd edition. Karnatak: Bloomsbury.
Bean, C.; et al. (2021) Does context matter? Unpacking differences in program quality and developmental experiences across competitive and recreational youth sport. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching; 16(5); 1204-1213. doi.org/10.1177/1747954121100187
Beck, K.L.; et al. (2021) Micronutrients and athletic performance: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology; 158, 112618. doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112618
Beneke, R.; et al. (2004) Energetics of karate kumite. European Journal of Physiology; 92, 518-523. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-004-1073-x
Bergeron, M.; et al. (2024) IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 58(17), 946-965. doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186
Berntsen, H.; and Kristiansen, E. (2019) Guidelines for need-supportive coach development: the motivation activation program in sports (MAPS). International Sport Coaching Journal; 6(1), 88-97. doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2018-0066
Bidhuri, D.; et al. (2025) Current concepts of high-intensity interval training: a clinical commentary. Comparative Exercise Physiology; 22. 1-15. https://brill.com/view/journals/cep/21/1/article-p1_1.xml
Binishi, N.; and Skenderi, D. (2024) Assessment of speed & agility components for 10-14 years old. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance; 3(3), 357-369. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3216-9744
Bird, S.P.; et al. (2024) Supplementation strategies for strength and power athletes: carbohydrate, protein, and amino acid ingestion. Nutrients; 16(12), 1886. DOI.org/10.3390/nu16121886
Bischof, K.; et al. (2024) Impact of collagen peptide supplementation in combination with long – term physical training on strength, musculotendinous remodelling, functional recovery, and body composition in healthy adults: a systematic review with meta – analysis. Sports Medicine; 54(11), 2865-2888. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02079-0
Bischof, K.; et al. (2023) Influence of specific collagen peptides and 12 – week concurrent training on recovery – related biomechanical characteristics following exercise – induced muscle damage – a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Nutrition; 10. DOI.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1266056
Bishop, D.; Girard, O.; and Mendez-Millanueva, A. (2011) Repeated-sprint ability-part II: recommendations for training. Sports Medicine; 41(9), 741-756. DOI: 10.2165/11590560-000000000-00000
Bishop, P.A.; Jones, E.; and Woods, A.K. (2008) Recovery from training: a brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 22(3), 1015-24. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816eb518
Blake, B. (2019) Energy system development in the weight room: incorporating prescribed rest periods for NCAA men’s basketball players. Strength and Conditioning Journal; 41(5), 57-61. DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000487
Blannin, A.; Boulton, G.; and Thielecke, F. (2025) Six weeks of either EPA-rich or DHA-rich Omego-3 supplementation alters submaximal exercise physiology in endurance trained male amateurs. Frontiers in Nutrition; 12. doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1588421
Bompa, T.O.; and Haff, G. (2009) Periodization: theory and methodology of training. 5th edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bonilla, D.A.; et al. (2020) The 4R’s framework of nutritional strategies for post-exercise recovery: a review with emphasis on new generation of carbohydrates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health; 18(1), 103. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010103
Bosquet, L.; et al. (2007) Effects of tapering on performance: a meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 39(8), 1358-1365. DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0
Bounty, P. (2011) Strength and conditioning considerations for mixed martial arts. Strength and Conditioning Journal; 33(1), 56-67. DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3182044304
Bowman, P. (2016) Making martial arts history matter. International Journal of the History of Sport; 33(9), 915-933. doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2016.1212842
Boylan, F.; Barblett, L.; and Knaus, M. (2024) I think I can, I think I can’t: design principles for fostering a growth mindset in the early years. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education; 45(1), 96-117. doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2023.2251924
Braun, H.; et al. (2020) Position of the Working Group Sports Nutrition of the German Nutrition Society (DGE): Energy Needs in Sports. Dtsch Z Sportmed; 71, 171-177.DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2020.451
Brechney, G.C.; Chia, E.; and Moreland, A.T. (2021) Weight-cutting implications for competition outcomes in mixed martial arts cage fighting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 35(12), 3420-3424. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003368
Brouns, F.; Kovacs E.M.; and Senden J.M. (1998) The effect of different rehydration drinks on post-exercise electrolyte excretion in trained athletes. Internationl Journal of Sports Medicine; 19(1), 56-60. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-971881
Brooks, G.A. (2020) Lactate as a fulcrum of metabolism. Redox Biology; 9(35), 101454. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101454
Brooks, G.A. (2018) The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory. Cell Metabolism; 27(4), 757-785. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008
Brooks, G.A.; Fahey, T.D.; and Baldwin, K.M. (2005) Exercise Physiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications. McGraw-Hill Education.
Buchheit, M.; and Laursen, P.B. (2013) High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle: part I: cardiopulmonary emphasis. Sports Medicine; 43(5), 313-338. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0029-x
Buck, C.L.; et al. (2013). Sodium phosphate as an ergogenic aid. Sports Medicine; 43(6), 425-35. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0042-0
Burd, N.A.; et al. (2009) Exercise training and protein metabolism: influence of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. Journal of Applied Physiology; 106(5), 1692-701. DOI.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91351.20
Burke, L.M. (2007) Practical sports nutrition. Champaign: Human Kinematics; 2007.
Burke, L.M.; Loucks, A.B.; and Broad, N. (2006) Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery. Journal Sports Science; 24(7), 675-85. DOI: 10.1080/02640410500482602
Burke, L.M.; Deakin, V. (2015) Clinical sports nutrition. Australia: McGraw Hill Education.
Burt, L.; Riley, N.; and Eather, N. (2023) Current and preservice teachers’ views and beliefs regarding martial arts and inclusion of martial arts in Australian school settings: a cross-sectional study. Health Science Reports; 6(6), e1351. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1351
Bytomski, J.R. (2018) Fueling for performance. Sports Health; 10(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.1177/1941738117743913
C
Caine, D.; Purcell, L.; and Maffulli, N. (2014) The child and adolescent athlete: a review of three potentially serious injuries. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation; 6, 22. DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-22
Calcaterra, V.; at al. (2024) How the intricate relationship between nutrition and hormonal equilibrium significantly influences endocrine and reproductive health in adolescent girls. Frontiers in Nutrition; 14(11), 1337328. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1337328
Camire, M.; et al. (2023) Positive youth development as a guiding framework in sport research: is it time to plan for a transition? Psychology of Sport and Exercise; 69, 102505. doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102505
Campos, F.A.D.; et al. (2012) Energy demands in taekwondo athletes during combat simulation. European Journal of Applied Physiology; 112(4), 1221-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2071-4
Cannataro, R.; et al. (2024) Omega-3 and sports: focus on inflammation. Life; 14(10), 1315. doi.org/10.3390/life14101315
Capra, M.E.; et al. (2024) Nutrition for children and adolescents who practice sport: a narrative review. Nutrients; 16(16), 2803. doi: 10.3390/nu16162803
Carballo-Fazanes, A.; et al. (2023) Interrater reliability of the test of gross motor development-third edition following Raters’ Agreement on measurement criteria. Human Kinetics Journals; 11(2), 225-244. doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0068
Casa, D.J.; Clarkson, P.M.; and Roberts, W.O. (2005) American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on hydration and physical activity: consensus statements. Current Sports Medicine Reports; 4(3), 115-27. DOI: 10.1097/01.csmr.0000306194.67241.76
Castanho, R. da S. (2023) Major nutrological approaches to macronutrients in the performance and body composition of highly trained athletes: a systematic review. International Journal of Nutrology; 16(2), 1-10. doi.org/10.54448/ijn23226
Cermak, N.M.; and van Loon, L.J.C. (2013) The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid. Sports Medicine; 43(11), 1136-55. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0
Chaabene, H.; et al. (2017) Physical and physiological attributes of wrestlers: an update. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 31(5), 111411-1442. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001738
Chaput, J.P.; et al. (2020) 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescence aged 5-17 years: summary of the evidence. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity; 17(1), 141. doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z
Charilaos, K. (2018) Parents’ academic and professional background and their relationship with the choice of martial arts for their children. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science; 5(2). https://oapub.org/edu/index.php/ejep/article/view/2124/4761
Chen, J.F.; et al. (2016) Branched – chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline alleviate central fatigue after 3 simulated matches in taekwondo athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Society of Sports Nutrition; 13(28). DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0140-0
Churchward-Vienne, T.A.; et al. (2020) Dose-response effects of dietary protein on muscle protein synthesis during recovery form endurance exercise in young men: a double-blind randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 112(2), 303-317. doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa073
Cimadevilla-Fernandez-Pola, E.; et al. (2024) Effects of β-alanine supplementation on subjects performing high – intensity functional training. Nutrients; 16(14), 2340. DOI: 10.3390/nu16142340
Close, G.L.; et al. (2022) “Food first but not always food only”: recommendations for using dietary supplements in sport. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise and Metabolism; 32(5), 371-386. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335
Connor, J.; and Egan, B. (2019) Prevalence, magnitude and methods of rapid weight loss reported by male mixed martial arts athletes in Ireland. Sports (Basel); 7(9), 206. DOI: 10.3390/sports7090206
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Cruzat, V.; et al. (2018) Glutamine: metabolism and immune function, supplementation and clinical translation. Nutrients; 10(11), 1564. DOI: 10.3390/nu10111564
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D
da Silva, S.; et al. (2020) Time-motion analysis and physiological responses to taekwondo combat in juvenile and adult athletes: a systematic review. Strength and Conditioning Journal; 42(2), 103-121. DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000517
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D’Angelo, S.; and Madonna, G. (2020) Effects of oil supplementation in the sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport; 20(4), 2322-2329. DOI:10.7752/jpes.2020.s4313
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de Oliveira, L.F.; et al. (2022) Extracellular buffering supplements to improve exercise capacity and performance: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine; 52(3), 505-526. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x
Desbrow, B. (2021) Youth athlete development and nutrition. Sports Medicine; 51(1), 3-12. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01534-6
de Vries, J.; et al. (2016) Effects of cereal, fruit and vegetable fibers on human fecal weight and transit time: a comprehensive review of intervention trials. Nutrients; 8(3), 130. DOI: 10.3390/nu8030130
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E
Edge, J.; Bishop, D.; and Goodman, C. (2006) The effects of training intensity on muscle buffer capacity in females. European Journal of Applied Physiology; 96(1), 97-105. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-005-0068-6
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Esmaeilpoor, A.; et al. (2021) Self-reported experience of orofacial injury, preventive practice, and knowledge of Iranian adolescent martial art athletes towards sports-related orofacial injuries. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation; 13(1), 134. doi: 10.1186/s13102-021-00363-4
Everett, S. (2025) Optimizing performance nutrition for adolescent athletes: a review of dietary needs, risks, and practical strategies. Nutrients; 17(17), 2792. DOI: 10.3390/nu17172792
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F
Farina, D.; Negro, F.; and Dideriksen, J.L. (2014) The effective neural drive to muscle is the common synaptic input to motor neurons. The Journal of Physiology; 592(16), 3427-3441. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273581
Fazio, C.; Elder, C.L.; and Harris, M.M. (2022) Efficacy of alternative forms of creatine supplementation on improving performance and body composition in healthy subjects: a systematic review. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research; 36(9), 2663-2670. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003873
Felfe, C., Lechner, M.; and Steinmayr, A. (2016) Sports and child development. PLOS One; 11(5), e0151729. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151729
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Fernandez, M.M.; et al. (2021) Caffeine doses of 3 mg / kg increase unilateral and bilateral vertical jump outcomes in elite traditional jiu – jitsu athletes. Nutrients; 13(5), 1705. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051705
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Filip-Stachnik, A.; et al. (2021) Effects of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on performance in elite judo athletes. Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition; 18(1), 49. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00448-y
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